Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) cells are mature cells that have been genetically reprogrammed so that they return to their embryonic state. It is not yet known if iPS stem cells and embryonic stem cells differ significantly. Today many fundamental belief systems in biology are shifting towards accepting that mature body cells can be reverted to an embryonic state without the help of eggs or embryos. With their changed identities, iPS cells are then ready to serve as new tools for research in the fields of disease pathogenesis, drug discovery, oncology, and cell transplantation. One example of this would be using iPS from a patient’s mature cells to repair damaged tissue; it is thought that there would be very low incidence of rejection of the ’new’ tissue in these cases. For the last four years, this therapeutic promise has been studied by hundreds of researchers worldwide in an effort to understand the ability of these cells to reverse their biological clocks.Table of contents: Introduction.- Pluripotent Cells.- Pluripotent Cells.- Transcriptional Networks and Signaling Pathways of Pluripotency.- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs).- Generation the First iPSCs.- Reprogramming.- Molecular Mechanisms of Pluripotency.- Steps in Reprogramming.- Mechanisms in Reprogramming.- Dynamics of Direct Reprogramming.- Epigenetic Modifications.- Similarities and Differences between iPSCs and ESCs.- Modeling Disease in a Dish.- Disease Specific iPSCs.- Choosing Cell Sources.- Identification of iPSC Colonies.- Characterization of Genetic Mutation.- iPSCs Differentiation into Desired Cell Types.- Challenges to Therapeutic Potential of Human iPS Cells.- Is Reprogramming Necessary for Regenerative Therapies?.- New Approach to Understand the Biology of Stem Cells.- Health vs. Disease.- Changed Paradigm: Reprogramming as Rare but Robust Process.- From Reductionism to Wholeness.- More Future Considerations.- Conclusion.